The Combiner HUD type has a smaller screen which displays the necessary information but lacks the picture quality as compared to the other type. The Combiner HUD has an adjustable positioning system which enables the driver to adjust the screen according to their convenience.
Augmented Reality head up display technology Augmented reality AR is an upcoming trend in the head-up display market. Augmented HUD is a real time technology which enhances the safety and driving experience.
Augmented reality-based HUD technology provides full-colour advanced driver assistance system ADAS including lane departure warning system and advanced driving information. The AR-HUD sense the exterior environment of the vehicle, analyses this information and virtually display the traffic condition. For example, if the driver has set a destination on the navigation system, the AR-HUD projects a virtual route that is to be followed.
It also detects the distance between itself and the vehicle in front and alerts the driver. The differentiating factor for AR-HUD is that it projects information which appears to be part of the driving situation itself. Our Partners. Medical Production Robotics Security Wireless. Analysis Appointments Blog Events Latest.
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Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. This paper gives an overall view of the different safety features that are taken care of while designing a vehicle. Available technologies of different active and passive safety features were analyzed.
These technical features once incorporated in design not only help in avoiding the accidents but also reduces the fatigue caused to the driver which further mitigates the chances of an accident.
Dissipation of the kinetic energy forms the guiding principle while designing all the passive safety features. Crumple zones situated in front and rear absorb this energy upon impact in a predictable way. Safety features such as forward collision warning systems, lane departure warning systems, electronic stability control, anti-lock braking systems, brake assist monitor, brake override, Crumple zones, seatbelts and airbags have been dealt with in detail with an overview of the total vehicle safety.
Auto designers are constantly working to reduce these fatalities and injuries by incorporating in design, new technologies developed for active and passive safety systems. Government and customers both are supporting this cause of safety which has further bolstered the hand of designers. Vehicle occupant safety can be classified into two areas first one is design for crash avoidance or active safety and second one protection of occupant in case if crash occurs known as crash worthiness or passive safety Thomas P.
Wenzel, Marc Ross Passive safety systems comprises of those components of vehicle that respond to crash to protect occupants from injury, while features of active safety systems constantly act to reduce the possibility of such an event. Active safety features work silently in the background for checking the rotation speed of the tires, the location of the vehicle in its lane, or the position of the acceleration and brake pedals relative to each other.
Passive safety features work to ensure that this life space is as safe as possible, and that vehicle occupants remain in this space throughout the crash. Recently innovators have focused on developing advanced crash avoidance and active safety systems such as forward collision warning systems, lane departure warning systems, Anti Lock braking systems ABS , Electronic stability Control ESC , brake assist monitor, brake override etc.
These devices have been developed optimized and implemented to prevent or mitigate accident severity. With the introduction of New Car Assessment Programs NCAPs that prescribe standardized crash tests things are getting more focused in the area of safety. In this study all these available active and passive technologies will be analyzed and there effects on the vehicle safety will be reviewed.
Active safety features will engage to either prevent the crash from occurring, or reduce the severity of an unavoidable crash. Some features like forward collision warning systems and lane departure warning systems activate a warning system when potentially dangerous situations are detected.
All active safety features constantly monitor one or more aspects of the vehicle for potential hazards. When something problematic is detected, active safety features act autonomously to correct the situation safely. Active safety features offer an extra layer of protection on the road. While they cannot replace a safe and attentive driver, these features can be relied on to engage when they are most needed.
Some of the active safety features that are in common use are discussed in below given subheadings. The type of warning that the systems use are flash light, alarm sound or vibration Ardalan Vahidi, Azim Eskandarian These systems are based on camera or radar sensors which continuously monitors the road ahead.
They provide object recognition and detect relative speeds between a vehicle and object on the road. Warning systems simply warn the driver when a collision is likely to take place, but the system does not automatically apply the brakes. Lane Departure Warning Ldw These systems gives an alert whenever vehicle unintentionally drift too close to the edges of the lane.
Warning systems provide a warning, but corrective action is desired at the level of the driver. Preventive system if any can gently steer the car to center of the lane automatically Joshua M. Clanton, David M. Bevly, and A.
Scottedward Hodel, Electronic Stability Control Esc These systems help to maintain or regain control of vehicle in difficult driving situations Damrongrit Piyabongkarn, Jae Y.
Lew, Rajesh Rajamani, John A. Grogg, and Qinghui Yuan ESC continuously monitors tire movement and steering wheel activity to sense a loss of traction or slippage. In unexpected situations, ESC systems can reduce engine power, apply brakes independently to each wheel and correct tire suspension much faster than the driver.
The sensors used for ESC have to send data at all times in order to detect possible defects as soon as possible. The most important sensors are: Steering wheel angle sensor, Yaw rate sensor, Lateral acceleration sensor, Wheel speed sensor, longitudinal acceleration sensor, Roll rate sensor.
ESC uses a hydraulic modulator to assure that each wheel receives the correct brake force. The various control techniques are embedded in it.
Anti-Lock Braking Systems Vehicle moves due to the frictional force between the tyre and road. The function of ABS is to prevent this wheel locking. The ECU monitors the speed of each wheel. If it detects that any wheel is rotating slower speed than others this indicates an imminent wheel lock it redirects the valves to reduce brake pressure.
Conversely if it detects a wheel faster than the others it instructs the valves to increase brake pressure. The main job of EBD is to optimise brake force on each wheel individually so to get maximum breaking power without losing control. It can alter braking pressure on each wheel individually depending on the conditions and weight distribution of the vehicle at that moment. Brake Assist Brake assist supports unexpected braking in case of emergency.
When Brake Assist detects an attempted panic stop, it supports drivers by strengthening the power Figure 1. Brake Assist will detect attempted panic braking based on the force that is applied to the brake pedal and how fast the driver is stepping on the pedal. When the system recognizes sudden braking, it will add additional pressure to the brake. When foot is released during Braking Assist, braking power lessens and regulates the brakes with ease.
In these brake systems, sensors recognize when the accelerator pedal and brake pedal are being pressed at the same time. It understands that this has taken place by mistake. The technology was first used in the BMW in the late s as a performance enhancement. Every BMW built since has had brake override. Chrysler was the next manufacturer to use brake override in its models. These days, several car manufacturers use the technology, with more soon to follow wheels.
In the case of brake override systems, the system requires sensors at the brake and accelerator pedals, a computer to make decisions for what the car should do and wiring to connect it. The main function of passive safety features is to keep the driver and passengers protected within the vehicle from various crash forces. The life space is a protected area around vehicle occupants within which the chances of escaping a crash with minimal injuries are more.
Passive safety features work to ensure that life space remains safe and that vehicle occupants remain in this space throughout the crash. Similarly, seatbelts, airbags, and headrests help keep the driver and passenger s stationary within the life space of the vehicle. Crumple Zones Crumple zones are the structural areas in the front and rear of the vehicle that are designed to absorb energy upon impact in a predictable way as shown in figure 2 Hyung —il moon, young-eun jeon, Dae Young Kim, Heon Young Kim, Yong-soo Kim Crumple zones add time to the crash by absorbing energy.
Conversely too if the time to stop is shorter the force experienced is greater. Most crumple zones are constructed with steel or titanium, high density and low density polymeric foam, spaced reinforcing fibres, spaced mechanical ribs and reinforced metal inserts with notched section for predetermined crumpling.
The crumple zone will firstly have high density polymeric foam which contains more tightly formed molecules to make the foam strong; this is placed in front of the cabin.
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